Interpeace will participate at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan to spark innovative thinking around peace-positive climate adaptation and mitigation approaches to unlock greater climate action and finance in conflict-affected and fragile contexts.
Developing countries and conflict-affected areas bear the brunt of climate risks. Yet, only 20 to 25% of the $1.5 trillion in climate investments needed are funded, and development finance is providing less than 6% of the rate required.
The Peace, Relief, and Recovery Day on 15 November is a key opportunity to ignite policy and advocacy around the climate-peace nexus, including initiatives such as the Call on Climate Action for Peace, Relief and Recovery endorsed by Interpeace, and the Baku Climate and Peace Action Hub announced by the COP29 Presidency.
Highlights of the delegation’s activities in Baku include a panel organised jointly with the IOM on November 13, focusing on the need to strengthen partnerships between development finance institutions, the UN, and peacebuilding actors, to extend the reach of climate finance in countries most impacted by climate shocks and conflict. With the ISO, we will also advocate for the importance of positioning international standards as essential tools to ensure policy alignment, facilitate global cooperation, and enable collective action on critical issues.
Interpeace will engage bilaterally with member-states, multilateral climate funds and development finance actors, the private sector and impact investors, and civil society representatives to explore concrete ways to operationalize the pledges, regional and cross-regional initiatives recognising the interlinks between climate and peace, such as the landmark Declaration on Climate, Relief, Recovery and Peace launched at COP28 in the presence of Interpeace President Itonde Kakoma.
Learn more about the event here.
It was a full house on Thursday 3 October at the event in Nairobi as Interpeace launched its research “Entry-Points for Peace-Positive Investments in Northern Kenya’s Frontier Markets – An exploratory study of prospective peace-aligned investments in Elgeyo Marakwet, Mandera and Marsabit counties”. The event brought together the national and regional government, investors, peacebuilders, development actors and CSOs to outline next steps in order to attract peace-positive investment to Northern Kenya.
Member of Interpeace’s Governing Board Ambassador Amina Mohamed said: “Today marks a pivotal moment in our shared journey towards fostering stability and sustainable development in Northern Kenya. Through collective efforts we can unlock transformative change.”
Ambassador Mohammed outlined the importance of initiatives such as Finance for Peace by Interpeace, as the organisation has played a pivotal role in strengthening the capacity of local communities to manage conflicts and promote social cohesion. “These efforts”, she said, “have reshaped community relationships, reduced violence and nurtured trust among diverse stakeholders.
“As we navigate towards inclusive investment strategies, the concept of Peace Finance becomes paramount. By integrating peace efforts into our investment frameworks we can mitigate risks, enhance returns and contribute significantly to a peaceful and prosperous Northern Kenya”, Ambassador Mohammed said.
Full speech: https://shorturl.at/Trjo1
Principal Secretary of the State Department for Devolution Ms Terry Mbaika affirmed the Kenyan Government’s commitment to promote peace-positive investments in the country. She said: “It is clear that peacebuilding considerations need to be better integrated into development finance and mainstreamed into investment approaches.
“The Government is committed to integrating peace initiatives into its development agenda. We do this by ensuring that every step towards economic growth is accompanied by conscious efforts to maintain and enhance stability.” Ms Mbaika called for the alignment of investment opportunities with peacebuilding efforts to create mutual benefits for both investors and local communities.
Full speech: https://shorturl.at/YxdSZ
Michael Pietsch of the German Embassy in Kenya said: "Germany is spearheading financing for peace. We need to ensure investments positively impact peace. We need Finance for Peace. Germany is partnering with Interpeace to develop a Peace Finance Impact Framework and Peace Finance Standard.
“Protracted conflicts across the globe have impeded development efforts and have led the UN Secretary-General to call upon the international community to intensify efforts for peace and identify new sources for financing for peace. Recently, UN Member States reiterated their commitment to building and sustaining peace when endorsing the Pact for the Future. However, public resources are scarce and we need more sustainable financing for peace.”
Full speech: https://shorturl.at/vrlun
Peacebuilding is facing greater challenges today than ever before. The number of conflicts worldwide is rising and the causes are well known, from a changing geopolitical landscape to the devastating impact of global warming and climate change, to continuing insufficient attention to economic and social inequalities, amongst other underlying shifts affecting security and peace. At almost the half-way point towards the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 12% are on track, and none of the targets for SDG 16 on ‘Peaceful, just and inclusive societies’ are close to being achieved in countries affected by conflict and fragility.[1]
It is also well known that successful peacebuilding does not necessarily require large-scale funding. But it does require predictable and long-term funding – peace cannot be built overnight. Yet, Official Development Assistance (ODA) earmarked for peacebuilding and conflict prevention is at a record low4. And most financial support for peacebuilding is in the form of short-term government grants that presuppose that peace can be designed, achieved and consolidated within short timeframes.
Nor is there sufficient action to follow the fact that peacebuilding makes economic sense: every US dollar invested in peacebuilding carries a potential USD 16 reduction in the cost of armed conflict.[2]
The model for financing of peacebuilding requires new actors and new solutions to meet the fundamental needs of predictability, long-term investment, and diversification beyond dependence on a limited number of government donors. Done thoughtfully, a new model can be a ‘win-win’ for both the peacebuilding sector and the finance sector.
Capital is available, including for fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCS), but it usually cannot find its way to the so- called “frontier markets” because of real or perceived risks, including financial, political and reputational concerns. Most investment products currently available on the market are focused on green or development outcomes, with little, if any, consideration of conflict-sensitivity as a precondition for their success. And beyond the relative passivity of applying a conflict-sensitive lens – ensuring that an investment at least does not make matters worse – even less attention is given to more forward-leaning approaches. Well-designed investment can make a deliberate positive difference, offering the prospect of less risk and greater financial returns as well as more enduringly peaceful societies where those investments occur.
Simply put: investors, banks, equity firms and even development finance institutions do not always have the required expertise in peacebuilding. Why not offer it to them, for the broader benefit of people, economies and societies?
Peacebuilding de-risks investment[3], for example by embedding inclusion, access, mitigating concentrations of power, and increasing accountability. It also creates what the financial world calls “additionality” – accrediting a value to benefits generated by an investment beyond its financial return.
This could be creating jobs in conflict-affected communities and distributing them equally amongst communities, empowering female-led cooperatives and business, or building a public-private partnership for access to basic public services within and beyond a factory fence. When these additionality benefits are integrated early on as peace dividends in the investment design process and with the intentional aim of building peace, this is called “Peace Finance”.
Peace Finance is a critical new way to use the tremendous core expertise of peacebuilding organisations to inform and take better, peace-aligned investment decisions that concurrently lower risks for investors and strengthen community resilience. Peace Finance has the potential to improve human development and provide dignified lives to people living in fragile and conflict-affected contexts.
A growing market and an ecosystem is evolving around Peace Finance. Organisations that are part of the United Nations such as the United Nations Development Capital Fund (UNCDF) and the Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO), as well as peacebuilding organisation Interpeace, are working as partners to convert Peace Finance into practice.
Systemic change requires creating a Peace Finance ecosystem
The global Peace Finance ecosystem: combining resources and knowledge for coordinated action, greater efficiency, scale and impact.
Operating within the peace-humanitarian-development nexus, UNCDF and PBSO’s Investing for Peace (I4P) and Interpeace’s Finance for Peace initiatives have received seed funding from the German Federal Foreign Office. Peace Finance is garnering interest from a rising number of Western and African governments. Among the development finance institutions, the African Development Bank is a strategic partner and global champion of this space. But governmental donors are not the only ones that are part of this new marketplace – pension funds and impact investors are also looking closely at Peace Finance, as the new emerging asset class similar to the climate and gender investment spaces. Peace Finance partnerships could indeed be paving the way for a new form of multilateralism.
Meanwhile, it is critical to understand the importance of Peace Finance also through a conflict prevention lens, as it is being demonstrated through the Blue Peace Financing Initiative, led by UNCDF and funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). This initiative supports the achievement of the SDGs, while transforming water from a potential source of conflict to an instrument of cooperation and peace. It aims at creating new markets in the sustainable finance field which can cover the investment needs for local governments and transboundary basins globally, while giving riparian countries a financial incentive for cooperation around those basins, and hence for peace and sustainable development.
| Critical voices may argue that peacebuilding should not be put at the service of the returns-focused private sector, which prioritises financial profits. It is not unusual for misunderstandings to arise between different sectors. However, peacebuilders, in particular, recognise the importance of inclusiveness, mutual respect, exchange, and ‘walking in the shoes of others’ to foster better understanding. Building partnerships and bridges between these worlds is essential to advancing shared goals—of which there are many—especially the common objective of building economically resilient and peaceful societies. |
Like the climate space, Peace Finance needs a codified and universally agreed way of putting the methods of peacebuilders at the fingertips of the finance sector. For this reason, the Finance for Peace initiative has developed a Peace Finance Impact Framework (PFIF)[4] to guide government donors, development finance institutions, private asset managers, banks, investors and peace actors on how investment approaches can produce rigorous and benchmarked peace impacts. By bringing together core principles such as intentionality, dual materiality (benefits for investors and communities alike), inclusivity and trust, the PFIF places emphasis on a verifiable and intentional approach when achieving peace impacts.
The Finance for Peace initiative has also developed first- generation Peace Bond and Peace Equity standards[5], and has created an independent panel of peace and finance experts to advance further generations of the standards.
Implementation of the PFIF requires what the Finance for Peace initiative calls “Peace Partners”, who are actors in the ecosystem, supporting and advising private sector partners on how to put the PFIF into practice, on building trusting relationship with conflict-affected communities, or managing competing interests, for example between conflicted parties.
It is in the long-term interest of peacebuilding organisations to become active partners and advocates of Peace Finance, as it provides reliable, longer term and context-specific investment for peacebuilding. Peacebuilding organisations can apply to become Peace Partners, doing their part to ensure that investments, including projects by the private sector, are aligned with peace outcomes. There is an explicit need for the core expertise and skills of peacebuilding actors.
| Peacebuilders benefit directly from Peace Finance and are indispensable actors in this new field. When aligned to the Peace Finance Impact Framework, their crucial work of conflict prevention and furthering social cohesion is financially supported from new sources of income. By championing Peace Finance among our networks together we move the needle to the next chapter of peacebuilding. |
Peace is not possible without those that know the local context, and how to build, create and sustain peace in that given context: communities, peacebuilders and civil society. But peace also cannot be built without the private sector which provides livelihoods through its most important mandate: to create jobs. Let’s overcome the silos and build bridges between these sectors and actors in the interest and service of peace, which benefits us all.
Joint op-ed written by:
- Aanchal Bhatia, Programme Management Officer, DPPA/PBSO
- Dr Bettina Boekle, Head of Partnerships, Interpeace’s Finance for Peace initiative
- Kawtar Zerouali, Deputy Director of UNCDF Nature Assets Team
| Building a market for peace and a Peace Finance ecosystem is the stated mission of Interpeace’s Finance for Peace initiative. Finance for Peace is a multistakeholder initiative that seeks systemic change in how private and public investment supports peace in developing, fragile and conflict-affected contexts. It aims to create networked approaches that can co- develop the market frameworks, standards, political support networks, partnerships and knowledge required to scale up Peace Finance – investment that intentionally seeks to improve conditions for peace. |
| The UN Capital Development Fund makes public and private finance work for the poor in the world’s 46 least developed countries (LDCs). UNCDF has long experience in strengthening public and private financing systems and mechanisms, de-risking the local investment space and attracting additional finance to drive economic development in the LDCs. |
| As part of the Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA), the Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO) serves as a facilitator to enhance coherence and collaboration across the UN system and with partners in support of nationally owned efforts to build and sustain peace. Established in 2005, PBSO draws together expertise to advance impactful system-wide action, policies and guidance and fosters an integrated and inclusive approach to prevention and sustaining peace. |
| The Investing for Peace (I4P) initiative aims to implement an approach to increase the flow of private sector investment in a way that contributes positively to peace in FCS. Understanding the complexity of the issue, I4P recognises the need for concerted partnerships (between investors, investees and affected communities) and that effective peace impact must be based on an appreciation of local conflict dynamics and the interaction between peace and private sector development in a given context. |
[1] https://www.pbsbdialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/IDPS-Statement-on-the-SDG-Summit_final.pdf
[2] https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/IEP-Measuring%20Peacebuilding%20Cost-Effectiveness.pdf
[3] https://www.financeforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Rationale-for-a-Peace-Finance-Impact-Framework.pdf
[4] Finance for Peace (2024): The Peace Finance Impact Framework, https://www.financeforpeace.org/resources/the-peace-finance-impact-framework/
[5] https://www.financeforpeace.org/peace-finance-framework-standards-docs/
Joint Op-ed between the Kofi Annan Foundation and Interpeace
By Corinne Momal-Vanian & Itonde Kakoma
We live -again- in a time of war. And we seem resigned to it. Levels of violent conflict are higher than at any time since the end of the Second World War.[1] Global defense spending is the highest-ever recorded. Military expenditure increased for the ninth consecutive year in 2023, reaching $2443 billion.[2]
While states may be prioritizing military strength to address volatile geopolitical and security dynamics, their efforts have failed to arrest violent conflicts, which are growing not just in numbers, but in severity and length. War is now waged in a way that exacerbates civilian harm, with civilian deaths rising rapidly.[3] There are more casualties today from fighting in Darfur than there were 20 years ago. The daily death rate in Gaza has surpassed any other major conflict in this century.[4]
And yet we know that violent responses most often beget new forms of violence and fuel cycles of conflict over generations. Any return on investment for war-driven approaches will never outweigh the immeasurable cost of violent conflict in terms of the loss of lives, livelihoods and infrastructure and wider social harms.
According to the 2023 Global Peace Index, the impact of violence on the global economy amounted to $17.5 trillion in 2022. Research has shown on the other hand that each dollar invested in peacebuilding will lead to a $16 decline in the cost of conflict.[5] If we truly want to reverse current trends and advance peace, we must invest urgently in sustaining and expanding peacemaking and peacebuilding work at a scale that has not been attempted in decades.
By “peace,” we don’t just mean the absence of war. Changing how the world invests in peace requires a total rethink of how we define it. We see peace as a state where social, economic, and political relationships are free from violence and coercion, allowing people to envision a future without fear or injustice and with security and dignity. This is a complex endeavor that requires resources, hard work and expertise.
Unprecedented times require unprecedented action. When world leaders gather at the Summit of the Future in New York later this month, they must declare their determination to restore and strengthen dialogue and cooperation against all odds. They must commit to investing massively in peace as the best way to ensure stability and security for their people. And we must hold them accountable for every life lost in war, every livelihood destroyed, every hospital or school blown up, every child starved in man-made famines.
The current narrative presents war as inevitable. We must counter it by highlighting the numerous examples of successful actions for the prevention of conflicts, the restoration and consolidation of peace. We know that peace work actually works. We see it every day.
It works when we act beyond short-term projects to deliver solutions that span current and future generations. It works when peace actors cooperate and join forces rather than compete for shrinking resources. It works when women are at the center of all peace action and have access to decision-making and when young people drive the solutions for their problems.
There will be no future, no future generations, no future for the planet, without peace. We are calling a Peace Emergency.
This article originally appeared in Le Temps, in French, on 20 September 2024, authored by Corinne Momal-Vanian and Itonde Kakoma.
[1]With Highest Number of Violent Conflicts Since Second World War, United Nations Must Rethink Efforts to Achieve, Sustain Peace, Speakers Tell Security Council, United Nations, Meetings Coverage, Security Council 9250th Meeting, SC/15184, 26 January 2023
[2] https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/global-military-spending-surges-amid-war-rising-tensions-and-insecurity
[3] See in particular the Explosive Violence Monitor 2023, Action on Armed Violence.
[4] https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/daily-death-rate-gaza-higher-any-other-major-21st-century-conflict-oxfam
[5] Measuring peacebuilding cost effectiveness, Institute for Economics and Peace, March 2017
Facilitating young people’s meaningful participation in peacebuilding initiatives should be a cornerstone of any effort to foster a peaceful and cohesive society. This resonates particularly well in Rwanda, where more than 70% of the population is youth, with a large proportion born after the Genocide against the Tutsi that took place three decades ago.
The Genocide tore Rwanda’s social fabric apart. A significant number of young people were manipulated and involved in the killings. To build lasting peace and consolidate the reconciliation and social cohesion gains that have been achieved, youth must be involved in the process.
On June 1, 2024, the Rotary Club Kigali Seniors (RCKS) partnered with Interpeace to organise a one-day retreat to further engage young Rwandans in peacebuilding and social cohesion. Themed “Consolidating Peace and Social Cohesion in Rwanda,” the event brought together more than 50 young people, members of Rotaract clubs (youth-led Rotary clubs), and elders.
It served as an intergenerational dialogue, enabling youth to understand their country's tragic past, which led to genocide, and to chart ways to build a peaceful and resilient Rwanda in the future. The participants were university students and young professionals from across the country. Their elders were prominent individuals from various backgrounds, including the public and private sectors, academia, and civil society organisations.
“This country was destroyed by ethnic divisionism 30 years ago. We have come far to rebuild it. It’s your time to understand where we came from and commit to never letting it happen again. You must build a better society than Rwanda is now,” underlined Dr. Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, a university lecturer, as he delved into Rwanda's history of past violence, the path to reconciliation, and reconstruction. He stimulated participants to reflect on the adverse consequences of Rwanda's history of conflicts and genocide and to forge a common identity to foster unity and social cohesion in their respective communities.
Nathalie Siborurema, one of the participants, said, “This kind of dialogue is very important and necessary as it enables us to learn from experienced people who lived through the situation we hear about. It arms and prepares us to build a future peaceful and cohesive Rwandan society. I feel ready to take up the challenge with enthusiasm.”
Dr. Jean Bosco Kabera, a prominent member of RCKS who coordinated this activity, underscored the importance of educating young people to promote social cohesion. “I think it’s critical for Rwanda to ensure that youth not only understand the past but also take a leading role in defining our future,” he said, adding that the partnership with Interpeace to organise this retreat was enriching as young people are among the targets of its holistic peacebuilding programme in Rwanda that seeks to address mental healing, promote social cohesion, and support improved livelihoods.
Participants committed to sharing the knowledge and skills acquired with their fellow members. To make a more significant impact, they will take those skills to the community level and reach more people.
Frank Kayitare, Interpeace’s Country Representative, says empowering young people ensures lasting peace and social cohesion. “If you want to sustain peace and cohesion in Rwanda, you have to target young people. These discussions not only help them understand the past but also forge a mindset that is different from the one that led to the Genocide against the Tutsi. They also enable them to cultivate a mindset of dialogue, to solve any conflict through dialogue.”
Interpeace’s Work to Support Youth in Rwanda
Rwanda has made remarkable progress in strengthening social and economic resilience in the past 30 years. However, many Rwandans, including young people, face challenges related to the psychological wounds of the genocide and its aftermath, as well as economic development.
Interpeace uses community-based psychosocial support interventions such as Sociotherapy and Multifamily Therapy to create healing spaces for young people and their parents to discuss their past and embark on a mutual healing journey. It works with local partners such as Haguruka, Prison Fellowship Rwanda, and Dignity in Detention to organise intergenerational dialogues in the community.
Through a collaborative livelihood approach, Interpeace and its partners work to address socio-economic disparities and foster socio-economic resilience in youth by equipping them with financial and entrepreneurship skills. Young people are facilitated to learn how to develop bankable business projects and create and manage them. Through a competitive process, the most promising projects are supported with seed capital. Joint business initiatives play a dual role: enabling them to improve their social and economic conditions and sustain the social bonds they have formed during the healing journey.
Interpeace also works with youth-led organisations, such as Rwanda We Want, to strengthen their capacity and enable them to empower more youth across the country.
Interpeace is leveraging intergenerational dialogue to promote healing, understanding, and community-building in Burundi. The ‘Dukire Twubake’ (To Heal, To Build) programme is designed to address the impact of past trauma, gender and age on individuals and communities, with a particular focus on peacebuilding, development and decision-making. It exemplifies the effort to encourage open communication and foster mutual respect within communities.
This approach creates an environment where participants of all ages can openly share their experiences, thereby nurturing empathy, trust, and appreciation for diverse perspectives. By creating spaces for honest storytelling and attentive listening, the programme empowers Burundians to process their trauma, explore new avenues for progress, and gain deep insights into their own lives as well as the lives of others.
From 2023 to 2024, a series of intergenerational dialogues took place across Burundi, facilitated by the Centre d'alerte et de prévention des conflits (CENAP) and Interpeace under the Dukire Twubake programme, which is funded by the Government of Norway. These dialogues brought together individuals from different generations, providing adults who had experienced the country’s conflicts with an opportunity to share stories of "doing the right thing" in the face of adversity.
Before engaging in these dialogues, participants underwent a preparatory phase involving socio-therapy sessions. This process allowed them to address negative emotions, find healing, and challenge harmful stereotypes about other ethnic groups, paving the way for open and constructive intergenerational dialogues.
The first dialogue in 2023, held in Kabezi commune, saw participants sharing acts of humanity during times of violence in the country. Their testimonies, often involving acts of saving lives regardless of ethnicity, were met with warm applause from the youth in attendance. “The young participants appreciate the behavior adopted by these 'heroes' during moments of violent conflict, that of not giving in to violence, but of flying to the aid of other," observed one attendant.
Jean de Dieu, a member of the Dukire Twubake youth group, captured the impact of these dialogues, stating: "We have just understood that during these dark periods, Tutsis saved Hutus and vice versa. This helps build and strengthen confidence in the younger generation."
A second dialogue in 2023, held in Nyanza-lac commune, further amplified these messages, with participants sharing moving accounts of forgiveness and reconciliation across ethnic lines. One woman, who is now a local leader, recounted her harrowing experience of being wrongfully accused, imprisoned, and tortured. However, she later embraced her former accuser in a powerful act of forgiveness, drawing cheers from her neighbours.
As the dialogues continued into 2024, in Ruhororo communue, the focus shifted to the "heroes" or "pillars of peace" whose stories served as lessons for Burundi's youth. Emmanuel Barusasiyeko, a Hutu man, recounted how he sheltered three Tutsi children during the 1993 inter-ethnic massacres, risking his own life to guide them to safety. His actions were rewarded years later when one of the children, now living in Canada, sought to facilitate the migration of Barusasiyeko's son as a gesture of gratitude. Before concluding his narration, Barusasiyeko turned to the young people to tell them 'Ukora iciza ukagisanga imbere' (If you do good, you will reap the fruits in the future)."
These intergenerational dialogues not only fostered reconciliation but also provided a therapeutic outlet for participants. Christian, a Dukire Twubake beneficiary, explained: "They allow us to unburden ourselves because it is by talking about this difficult past and sometimes by trivialising it that we can finally live our present easily."
“Intergenerational dialogues are the final, hopeful step in our therapy sessions. We begin by addressing the negatives of the past in healing spaces. Then, we encourage members to share positive stories in these dialogues, fostering understanding and hope”, said the Programme Manager at CENAP, Serge Ntakirutimana.
“These dialogues, focusing on positive experiences, serve as a powerful tool to combat hatred and stereotypes, particularly in societies affected by conflict. Stories from both the elderly and the youth remind us that there is no ‘good’ or ‘bad’ ethnicity in places with a troubled history like Burundi. Every ethnicity has individuals who have demonstrated remarkable humanity and those who have been engulfed in violence. These shared stories stand as a testament to our shared humanity and a beacon of hope for a future that is more understanding and compassionate,” he added.
The Dukire Twubake programme recognises the transformative power of storytelling and listening in promoting healing and understanding. It encourages open communication, self-reflection, and the exploration of alternative paths forward, fostering a sense of community and collaboration. Using psychosocial recovery methods and capacity and confidence-building tools, the programme aims to empower women, youth, and communities affected by trauma. It helps them advocate for their needs, mobilise others around those needs, and lead initiatives that build social and political cohesion and improve livelihoods. A testament to this approach is the establishment of a savings and credit association in Kabezi commune by a group of twelve women in August 2023. This initiative not only addresses their need for affordable credit but also provides opportunities for mutual support and healing. Comprising women from different ethnic groups and religions, the association strengthens cohesion and reconciliation. This association was formed after the women benefited from the psychosocial support and capacity-building in entrepreneurship provided by the Dukire Twubake programme, thereby creating a continuous narrative of empowerment and healing.
A participant from Ruhororo commune expressed astonishment, stating: "It's very impressive! I didn't know that the commune of Ruhororo has so many people who risked their lives to save neighbours in 1993. This is a very good example for us who have not lived through these events. Personally, I am determined to campaign for the good even during times of conflict."
As Burundi looks toward the future, the seeds of reconciliation sown through these intergenerational dialogues hold the promise of a more united and resilient nation. By honouring the stories of those who chose compassion over violence, the Dukire Twubake programme has inspired a new generation to embrace the values of humanity, forgiveness, and mutual understanding. These values will shape a more peaceful and prosperous future for Burundi.
